Korean grammar, unit by unit

By the end: Read and write Hangul accurately, and handle classroom and greeting expressions.

1. 0 한국어와 한글 Korean and Hangul
   한글 how a Hangul syllable block is built
2. 1 기본 모음 Basic vowels
   ㅏ ㅓ ㅗ ㅜ ㅡ ㅣ ㅐ ㅔ the eight basic vowels
3. 2 기본 자음 Basic consonants
   ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ the nine plain consonants
4. 3 격음 Aspirated consonants
   ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅊ ㅎ the five aspirated consonants
5. 4 경음 Tense consonants
   ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ the five tensed consonants
6. 5 이중 모음 1 Diphthongs 1
   ㅑ ㅕ ㅛ ㅠ ㅒ ㅖ the y-glide vowels
7. 6 이중 모음 2 Diphthongs 2
   ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅢ the w-glide vowels and ㅢ
8. 7 받침 1 Final consonants 1
   ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅇ the seven sounds a syllable can end with
9. 8 받침 2 Final consonants 2
   ㄲ ㅋ ㅅ ㅆ ㅈ ㅊ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ finals that collapse to a representative sound
10. 9 겹받침 Double final consonants
    ㄳ ㄵ ㄶ ㄺ ㄻ ㄼ ㄽ ㄾ ㄿ ㅀ ㅄ double finals — one sound at the end of a word
11. 10 연음 liaison
    연음 a final consonant moving into the next syllable
12. 11 표현 1 Classroom expressions
13. 12 표현 2 Korean greetings

By the end: Introduce yourself, describe daily life, and handle shops, directions and appointments.

1. 1 자기소개 · Self-introduction 저는 한국 사람이에요 I'm Korean
   이다 to be — the copula that turns a noun into a sentence 19 은/는 vs 이/가 topic particle — what the sentence is about, with a hint of contrast 21
2. 2 가족 · family 회사원이 아니에요 I'm not an office worker
   이/가 subject particle — introduces something as new information 24 이/가 아니다 to not be — the negative of 이다
3. 3 일상생활 · daily life 저도 드라마를 좋아합니다 I also like dramas
   -습니다, -습니까 formal polite ending (합니다체) — announcements, first meetings, the news 17 을/를 object particle — marks what the verb acts on 2 도 also, too — and the particle it quietly replaces
4. 4 학교 · school 여기가 지훈 씨의 학교입니까? Is this Jihoon’s school?
   과/와, 하고 and / with — 과/와 in writing, 하고 in speech 1 의 possessive — and why Koreans drop it more often than not 1
5. 5 날씨 · weather 날씨가 좋지 않아요 the weather is not good
   -아요 / -어요 polite informal ending (해요체) — the default register of spoken Korean 17 -지 않다 long-form negation — the fuller, slightly softer 안 5
6. 6 친구 · friend 친구한테 편지를 써요 write a letter to a friend
   에게, 한테 to a person — 에게 in writing, 한테 in speech 4 만 only, just — and why it takes a positive verb where 밖에 takes a negative 2
7. 7 위치 · location 지금 어디에 있어요? Where are you now?
   (장소)에 at, to — a destination or a static location 5 에서 where an action happens, and where you came from 3
8. 8 날짜 · date 토요일에 친구를 만났어요 I met a friend on Saturday
   -았-/-었- past tense — built on the same stem rule as 해요체 6 (시간)에 at a time — and the time words that refuse it 4
9. 9 운동 · work out 저는 수영을 못해요 I can't swim
   부터 from — a starting point in time -지 못하다 long-form 못 — unable rather than unwilling 4
10. 10 약속 · promise 같이 점심을 먹을까요? Shall we have lunch together?
    -을까 shall we? — a suggestion phrased as a question 2 -읍시다 let's — direct, and not for people senior to you 1 -고 and — listing and plain sequence, with no causal claim 2
11. 11 음식 · food 떡볶이는 매워서 잘 못 먹어요 I can’t eat tteokbokki because it’s spicy.
    -아서 / -어서 because — statement only, never before a command 10 -고 싶다 want to — and why it cannot describe someone else 1
12. 12 쇼핑 · shopping 운동화를 좀 보고 싶어요 I want to see some sneakers
    -지만 but — the plain contrast, blunter than 는데 1 보다 than — the comparison particle 1
13. 13 취미 · hobby 케이 팝(K-pop) 댄스를 출 수 있어요? Can you do K-pop dance?
    -을 수 있다 can, cannot — ability and possibility 4 -고 있다 be doing — the progressive 5
14. 14 여행 · travel 고향에 가기 전에 여행을 할 거예요 I'm going to travel before I go home
    -기 전에 before doing — the mirror of -은 후에 -으려고 intending to, in order to 1
15. 15 건강 · health 약을 먹은 후에 푹 쉬세요 Rest well after taking medicine
    -은 후에 after doing — plain sequence, no stress on finishing -으세요 polite command — and the honorific present tense 12
16. 16 교통 · traffic 여기에서 서울역까지 어떻게 가요? How do I get to Seoul Station from here?
    에서, 까지 from here to there — the pair that marks a route -으십시오 formal command — signs, announcements, service speech
17. 17 집들이 · housewarming 집들이에 뭘 사 가야 돼요? What should I buy for the housewarming party?
    -어야 되다 have to, must — the obligation half of the 되다 family 7 -고요 softening a statement or answer
18. 18 여가 · leisure 길이 막히니까 공연장까지 지하철로 갑시다 Since the road is congested, let’s take the subway to the concert venue.
    (으)로 by, toward, as — one particle doing three jobs 4 -(으)니까 because — the one that works before commands and suggestions 9
19. 19 길 찾기 · directions 저랑 같이 사러 가요 Come buy it with me
    -으러 in order to — with verbs of going and coming 1 이랑 and / with — the casual spoken one
20. 20 방문 · visit 어머니께서 꽃을 좋아하세요 Your mother likes flowers
    께서 honorific subject particle — for someone you elevate -으시- honorific infix — raises the person you are talking about 9

By the end: Maintain conversation on familiar topics, make plans, and handle public services.

1. 1 날씨 · weather 비가 너무 많이 오네요 It's raining too much
   -겠- guessing or promising — the ending Koreans use for weather and for offers 8 -네 noticing something out loud — mild surprise, said to yourself and to others 4
2. 2 쇼핑 · shopping 동대문에 가 보세요 Go to Dongdaemun
   에게서, 한테서 from a person — the receiving end of 에게 / 한테 -어 보다 try doing — and in the past, "have you ever" 2
3. 3 외모 · appearance 엄마 친구는 어떻게 생겼어요? What does your mom's friend look like?
   -은, -는 turning a verb or adjective into something that describes a noun 께 the honorific 에게 — for someone you would not say 한테 to
4. 4 장보기 · grocery shopping 불고기를 해 먹는 게 어때요? How about cooking and eating bulgogi?
   -는데① setting up background before the main point 6 -는 것 turning a whole clause into a noun you can talk about 2
5. 5 주문 · order 주문할게요 I'd like to order
   -을게 I'll do it — a promise to the person in front of you 6 -기 making a noun out of a verb, the plain way 1
6. 6 휴가 · vacation 휴가를 어떻게 보내기로 했어요? How did you decide to spend your vacation?
   -은 적이 있다 have done it at least once — experience, not past tense -기로 하다 decided to — a plan you settled on 2
7. 7 건강 · health 찬 음식을 너무 많이 먹지 마세요 Don't eat too much cold food
   -게 turning an adjective into "how" something is done -지 말다 don't — the negative command
8. 8 영화 · movie 오늘 저녁에 뭐 할래요? What do you want to do this evening?
   -을래 shall I? will you? — casual intention, for people close to you 밖에 nothing but — and why the verb after it must be negative 1
9. 9 휴일 · day off 주말마다 산에 가요 I go to the mountains every weekend
   -는데② but, though — contrast so soft it barely sounds like disagreement 1 마다 every — each and all of them
10. 10 학교생활 · school life 밤 10시 이후로는 조용히 할 것 Be quiet after 10 p.m.
    -을 것 rules and notices — the ending signs are written in -을 수밖에 없다 have no choice but to
11. 11 공공서비스 · public service 약속 장소에 가다가 돌아왔어요 I went to the meeting place and came back.
    -다가 doing one thing, then switching mid-way 1 에서부터 starting from — a stronger 에서
12. 12 대인관계 · interpersonal relationships 사비나 씨는 어떤 사람을 좋아해요? What kind of person does Sabina like?
    -은 describing a noun by what already happened to it -어 주다 doing something for someone else — the favour built into the verb 5
13. 13 가정생활 · family life 집안일을 나눠서 하는 게 어때? How about dividing up the household chores?
    -는 동안에 while, during — two things filling the same stretch of time -으면서 doing two things at once — and its hidden contrastive use
14. 14 생활 편의시설 · Living amenities 한국에서 찜질방은 처음인데요 This is my first jjimjilbang in Korea.
    -지 seeking agreement — "right?" tacked onto a sentence -기 때문에 because — the written, more formal reason 1 -음 the nominaliser of notes and signs, not conversation 1
15. 15 배달 · delivery 치킨 두 마리를 주문하려고 해요 I would like to order two chickens.
    에다가 onto, into — adding something to a place -으면 if, when — the all-purpose conditional 5
16. 16 의복 · garments 이 원피스를 입어 봐도 돼요? Can I try on this dress?
    처럼 like, as — comparing one thing to another 5 -어도 되다 may I? — asking and granting permission 1
17. 17 취미 · hobby 저는 시간이 있을 때 요리해요 I cook when I have time
    -을 때 when — the moment something happens -게 되다 ending up that way — a change you did not choose 에게로 toward a person — direction rather than destination
18. 18 모임 · class 대한 씨 딸이 태어난 지 벌써 1년이 됐어요? Has it already been a year since Daehan’s daughter was born?
    -은 지 how long it has been since -어 있다 staying in a state after the action finished 1 -는군 realising something on the spot, half to yourself
19. 19 집 · house 저도 학교 근처로 이사할까 봐요 I think I’ll move closer to the school too.
    -거나 or — choosing between actions 이나 or — choosing between nouns, often with a hint of settling -을까 보다 thinking I might — a plan you are still weighing
20. 20 약속 · promise 이번 일요일은 좀 어려울 것 같아요 This Sunday is going to be a little difficult.
    -을 describing a noun by what has not happened yet -을 것 같다 I think, it seems — the hedge Koreans put on almost everything 3

By the end: Handle social life without difficulty, give opinions and advice, and switch register appropriately.

1. 3A·1 모임 · class 약속 시간에 늦으면 안 돼요 You can't be late for your appointment.
   -으려면 if you intend to — a condition about your own plan -으면 되다/안 되다 it's fine if / you must not — permission and prohibition as a pair 으로부터 from — the written 에게서, used for sources and origins
2. 3A·2 만남과 추억 · encounters and memories 어제 친구를 우연히 기차역에서 만났어요 Yesterday, I met a friend at the train station.
   -어도 even if — granting the condition and going ahead anyway 2 -잖아(요) you know — and why it sounds accusing when the listener does not 2 -고 싶어 하다 what someone else wants — the third-person 고 싶다
3. 3A·3 계획과 바람 · plans and wishes 열심히 노력해야 목표를 이룰 수 있어요 You can achieve your goal if you work hard.
   -으나 but — the written, more measured 지만 -어야 only if — the condition that has to be met first 1 뿐 only that and nothing else — stronger and more written than 만
4. 3A·4 자기 계발 · self-development 꾸준히 운동을 하면 건강해져요 If you exercise regularly, you will become healthy.
   -는다 the plain written ending of books, diaries and news 2 -어지다 becoming — an adjective turning into a change of state
5. 3A·5 관람과 감상 · viewing and appreciation 우리 팀이 이겨서 정말 신나더라 I was really excited that my team won.
   -니? asking casually — to a close friend or someone younger -어라 the blunt command — friends, anger, and sports crowds -자 let's — the casual version of 읍시다 -는구나 realising something with feeling, out loud -더라 reporting what you saw yourself, and found worth mentioning 1 -더군(요) the same as 더라, one step more polite -다가 while doing one thing, something else happened
6. 3A·6 취미 · hobby 오랜만에 영화를 보니 정말 재미있었어요 It was really fun to see a movie after a long time.
   -나 보다 I guess — a guess from evidence, with verbs -는가 보다 the same guess, attached differently -으니 on doing it, I found that — discovery rather than cause -은 결과 as a result of — the written summary phrase
7. 3A·7 휴식과 휴가 · rest and vacation 여행을 가는 대신에 집에서 쉬는 것이 좋겠네요 Instead of going on a trip, it would be better to rest at home.
   -느라고 because I was busy doing — and why the result is always negative -자마자 the instant one thing ends, the next begins -는 대신에 instead of — swapping one action for another 1 -어야지 I really should — a resolution you make to yourself
8. 3A·8 인터넷과 컴퓨터 · internet and computers 궁금한 것은 인터넷 게시판에 댓글로 남겨 주세요 If you have any questions, please leave a comment on the Internet bulletin board.
   -어야겠- I'd better — deciding on the spot -을 텐데 it probably would, but — a guess with a "but" hanging off it 요 the 요 you can stick on almost anything to make it polite
9. 3A·9 성격과 외모 · personality and appearance 제 친구는 성격이 활발해요 My friend has a lively personality
   -었었- the past before the past — and why it implies "not any more" -어 보이다 looks that way — judging by appearance alone -거든① because, you see — explaining something the listener did not know
10. 3A·10 능력과 평판 · Abilities and Reputation 공부면 공부, 운동이면 운동 정말 못하는 게 없는 것 같아요 Whether it is studying or sports, there seems to be nothing they cannot do.
    -는 편이다 tends to be — softening a judgment into a tendency 같이 like, as — the spoken counterpart of 처럼 이면 if it's — listing things by pairing them up
11. 3B·11 식품 · food 채소를 사려거든 시장에 가세요 If you want to buy vegetables, go to the market
    -기 위해 in order to — the written purpose -거든② if you happen to — a condition before a command 이고 and — listing in the written register
12. 3B·12 외식 · eating out 오늘은 제가 점심을 살 테니 새로 생긴 한식당에 가요 Today I will buy lunch and go to a new Korean restaurant.
    -을 테니 since I will — my intention as your reason -도록 so that, until — the result you are aiming at 1
13. 3B·13 요리 · cooking 고기를 양념에 넣고 나서 30분 기다립니다 Add the meat to the seasoning and wait 30 minutes.
    -는 만큼 as much as — proportion between two things 만큼 as much as — the particle version -고 나다 after finishing — the completion is the point -은 다음에 after — plain sequence, with no emphasis on completion
14. 3B·14 일정 · schedule 휴가철이 다 되어 가는데 휴가 계획은 세웠어요? The holiday season is almost here. Have you made any vacation plans?
    -어 가다/오다 gradually getting there, or coming this way over time -는다고① quoting what someone said — the plain reported statement 만 아니면 if it weren't for — the one thing standing in the way -고서 and then — where the first action shapes the second
15. 3B·15 숙소 · lodging 여행을 가려고 인터넷에서 숙소를 찾는 중이에요 I'm going on a trip and I'm looking for accommodation on the Internet.
    -는 중이다 in the middle of doing -는다고② quoting, in a different sentence position 이란 the thing called — introducing a definition 이라고 quoting a noun, or naming something 1
16. 3B·16 여행 준비와 짐 싸기 · Preparing for travel and packing 여행 가방을 잃어버리지 않도록 가방에 이름표를 달았어요 I put a name tag on my suitcase so I don't lose it.
    -어 가지고 and then, with that — spoken and a bit casual -던데① I noticed, and — reporting what you saw, inviting a response 1 -어다가 doing it there and bringing it here
17. 3B·17 의복 · garments 흰색 셔츠가 청바지와 잘 어울려요 A white shirt goes well with jeans
    -기는 as for doing it — conceding before you disagree -으면 좋겠다 I wish, it would be nice if -어 드리다 doing something for someone you respect — the humble 어 주다
18. 3B·18 생활용품 · daily necessities 중고 소파를 사려다가 새 제품을 샀어요 I was looking to buy a used sofa but ended up buying a new one.
    -으려다가 I was going to, but then -고 말다 ended up doing it — usually regret, sometimes relief -는 반면 whereas, while on the other hand
19. 3B·19 인간관계와 예절 · Human relations and etiquette 한국 예절에 대하여 조언해 주세요 Please give me advice on Korean etiquette
    -던 the noun modifier for something unfinished or habitual in the past 1 -는 탓에 because of — blame, and only for bad outcomes 에 대하여 about, regarding — the written 에 대해
20. 3B·20 사회생활 · social life 내일 회의 준비는 다 됐어요? Are you ready for tomorrow's meeting?
    -는다거나① quoting alternatives — saying this or that -게 하다 make someone do it — the causative built from scratch 보고 telling someone — the spoken particle for the person addressed

By the end: Function at work, follow news and social topics, and use idiomatic and written Korean.

1. 4A·1 날씨와 계절 · weather and seasons 한국은 여름에 비가 많이 내려요 It rains a lot in Korea in the summer.
   -는다면서 I hear that — repeating what you were told, often to check it 치고 for a — an exception, or the opposite, depending on what follows -고 and — the plain written connector
2. 4A·2 지역 · region 편의 시설이 잘 갖추어져 있어서 살기 편할 것 같아 I think it will be comfortable to live in because it is well-equipped with amenities.
   -는지 whether — an embedded question inside a bigger sentence -는대 they say — the contracted quotation you hear constantly 2 이야 as for — casual emphasis, spoken
3. 4A·3 주거 · dwelling 월세가 비싸지 않은 빌라나 오피스텔을 찾고 있어요 I'm looking for a villa or officetel where monthly rent is not expensive.
   에 비하여 compared to — the written comparison -듯이 as if — comparison in writing, where speech would use 처럼 -거니와 not only that, but also — formal and written
4. 4A·4 인테리어 · interior 거실이 어두워서 조명을 밝은 것으로 바꿨어요 The living room was dark, so I changed the lighting to brighter ones.
   -고 해서 partly because — one reason among several -는 김에 while you're at it — taking the chance to do something else -다니 I can't believe — surprise at what you just heard
5. 4A·5 동식물 · fauna and flora 반려동물을 기르면 심리적으로 편안해져서 좋다고 하던데 They say that having a pet is good because it makes you psychologically more comfortable.
   -더니 I did, and then — and why the two halves must share a subject 1 -었더니 I did it, and as a result — the past version, with a different rule 1 -어야지 I really should — reminding yourself
6. 4A·6 지형과 기후 · Terrain and Climate 여기는 산이 가까워서인지 밤이 되니까 좀 서늘한 것 같아 Maybe it's because it's close to the mountains, but it feels a bit cool here at night.
   -어서인지 maybe because — a cause you are not certain of -으며 and, while — the written 으면서 -고도 even though — doing one thing and still the other 이며 and — the written listing particle
7. 4A·7 취업과 면접 · Employment and Interviews 제 전공을 살릴 수 있는 직장에서 일하고 싶어요 I want to work in a job where I can utilize my major.
   -더라도 even if — granting the worst case and going anyway 으로서 as — in the role or capacity of 이나마 even if only — settling for something small
8. 4A·8 직장 생활 · work life 우리 부서는 직원을 뽑고 교육시키는 일을 하고 있어요 Our department is responsible for recruiting and training employees.
   -는 대로 as, exactly the way — following something faithfully 1 -을수록 the more, the more -게 so that — the result you want 대로 as it is — following what already exists
9. 4A·9 교통 · traffic 자동차에 탈 때에는 먼저 안전띠를 매세요 When getting into a car, fasten your seat belt first.
   -는 바람에 because of — an unexpected cause with an unwanted result -을 뻔하다 almost happened, but didn't -는다니 hearing that — surprise or disbelief at news
10. 4A·10 지리와 경제 · Geography and Economy 이 지역에서 생산되는 딸기는 특히 달고 맛이 좋아요 Strawberries produced in this area are especially sweet and tasty.
    마저 even — the last one you would expect 까지② even — reaching further than expected, with less surprise than 마저 -어 놓다/두다 doing it and leaving it done, on purpose -는 사이에 while, in the gap when — something happened unnoticed
11. 4B·11 은행 · bank 은행에서 통장을 만들 때 신분증을 가져가야 해요 You must bring your ID when opening a bank account at the bank.
    에 따라 according to, depending on -는 줄 thinking that — usually a belief that turned out wrong 만 같아도 if only it were like — wishful comparison
12. 4B·12 우편과 배송 · Postal and Delivery 고향에 있는 친구에게 소포를 보냈어요 I sent a package to my friend back home.
    -나요 a softer question — polite and a little gentler than 어요 -든지 whichever, whether — leaving the choice open -으므로 therefore — the reason of reports and formal writing 1
13. 4B·13 재난과 구조 · disaster and rescue 물에 빠진 사람을 발견한다면 주위에 알리세요 If you see someone drowning, let people know
    -어 버리다 did it completely — and the feeling that comes with finishing -는다면 if — a hypothetical you are not assuming is true 이든 whether it's — listing options in the written register
14. 4B·14 신체와 운동 · body and exercise 운동을 하면 체력이 좋아질걸요 If you exercise, your physical strength will improve.
    -을걸 I bet — a guess you are fairly confident about -던데② I saw that it was — recalling and telling 이라도 at least, or something — offering the lesser option
15. 4B·15 건강과 식생활 · health and diet 올바른 식습관으로 건강을 챙기세요 Take care of your health with proper eating habits
    -는 모양이다 it appears — a guess from what you observed -는 듯 as if, seemingly — the compact written guess -다시피 as you know, as you saw 1
16. 4B·16 위생과 감염 · Hygiene and Infection 외출 후에는 손을 깨끗이 닦아야 해요 You must wash your hands thoroughly after going out.
    -어 대다 keeps doing it — repetition, and the speaker's irritation 으로 인하여 due to — the cause of news and reports -는다거나② saying things like — quoting loose examples
17. 4B·17 질병과 치료 · disease and treatment 새벽에 자주 깨는 통에 잠을 못 자요 I can't sleep because I wake up often in the early morning.
    -나 싶다 I wonder if — a thought you are half entertaining -으려야 no matter how you try — and why it ends in a negative -는 통에 because of the commotion — chaos as the cause
18. 4B·18 학교생활과 교육 · School life and education 학교를 졸업하고 보니 아쉬움이 많이 남아요 After graduating from school, I feel a lot of regret.
    -고 보다 doing it, I found — the realisation comes after -기에 because, so — the written reason, often with a judgment 에 의하여 by, according to — the agent in formal and academic writing
19. 4B·19 한국의 교육 · Education in Korea 실력을 늘리고자 배우는 거지 I'm learning to improve my skills.
    -고자 in order to — the purpose of speeches and documents 1 커녕(은커녕, 는커녕) let alone — not even the smaller thing, never mind the bigger -고 들다 insisting on doing it — pushing, usually annoyingly
20. 4B·20 산업과 직업 · industries and occupations 저는 컴퓨터 프로그램을 개발하는 일을 하고 있어요 I am working on developing computer programs.
    -을 따름이다 nothing more than — limiting what you claim -는 한 as long as — the condition that has to keep holding 으로써 by means of — the written instrument

By the end: Handle social and professional topics, report and negotiate, and follow semi-specialised writing.

1. 1 조사 inspection
   이라든가 A or B — choosing among options with 이라든가 따라 by chance then — coincidentally on that occasion (not "according to") 조차 even — something so small you would not expect it
2. 2 연결어미 conjunctive ending
   -지1 but / whereas — contrasting two opposing facts -을뿐더러 not only, but also — stacking reasons or qualities -고는 and then (habitually) — often in -고는 하다 -길래 so I did, since — a reason you noticed and acted on -다가는 if you keep on… — warning that continuing leads to a bad result -을지라도 even if — conceding a strong case and going ahead -느니1 rather A than B — comparing two options and picking
3. 3 종결어미 final ending
   -네2 how…! / oh…! — exclamation at what you just noticed same grammar -다4 plain statement — the -다 of newspaper and written report -다니1 to think that…! — exclaiming in surprise or indignation same grammar -으려고2 you mean to…? — doubting or pushing back on the plan -거라 do it — the blunt command after 가다-type verbs -고말고 of course I will — agreeing emphatically -는가1 is it…? — an open question, often literary -는걸 contrary to expectation — the fact differs from what was assumed -데 I found (firsthand)… — bringing a past experience into the present scene -더라고 I saw that… — reporting what you witnessed, with 요 often
4. 4 표현 expression
   -는다니1 what are they telling me to…? — asking what the order was -었던 that had been… — past modifier with a lingering sense 에 관하여 regarding, about — the written 에 관하여 / 관한 1 -자기에 because one decides to… — contracted -자고 하기에 (청유 인용 + 이유), pair of -는다기에 -게 마련이다 bound to be — naturally so (-기/게 마련이다) -게 생겼다 have ended up (badly)… — negative predicament with -게 생기다 -기 나름이다 depends on how you… — the outcome varies with the method -기가 바쁘게 as soon as — barely finishing one thing before the next -기가 쉽다 easy to… / prone to — a tendency that comes naturally -기만 하다 only does… — limiting the action to just that -기에 따라 depending on… — outcomes that change with the condition -기에 앞서(서) before doing… — prior to the step you name 1 -은 나머지 as a result of… — the outcome that follows from that act 1 -는 데다가 and on top of that — stacking one fact onto another -는 동시에 at the same time as — two things in the same moment -는 듯하다 seems to… — a soft guess from appearance 1 -는 법이다 it is natural that… — a general rule of how things go 1 -는 이상 now that / given that — already being in that state -은 채로 while still… — leaving it in the state it already has -는 척하다 pretend to… — acting as if -는 가운데 in the midst of — while that situation continues 는 말할 것도 없고 not to mention — A goes without saying, and B too (는/은 말할 것도 없고) -을 만하다 worth doing / decent enough — worth the effort or acceptable -을 법하다 likely to… — a reasonable prediction -을 테다 will (for sure) — a strong expectation about what follows -을 테면 if you are going to… — setting a condition for a plan -을 테지만 will, but… — expecting one thing and contrasting another -으려나 보다 I guess they mean to… — reading someone's likely intention 를 가지고 with, using — taking that as the means or topic -으면 몰라도 only if… — the following holds only under that (unreal / opposite) condition 에도 불구하고 despite — in spite of that noun situation -는데도 even though — contrast after a clause, softer than 지만 -어 내다 manage to… — pushing through until it is done -는다기에 because they say… — the reported claim is the reason -는다는 것이 meant to…, but — intention (-는다고 하는 것이) whose result diverged -는데도 불구하고 even so — despite the whole preceding clause

By the end: Join specialised or academic talk, and read or write with logical, persuasive control.

1. 1 조사 inspection
   마는 but — opposing what the noun led you to expect 깨나 quite a… — emphasising the noun is no small amount 이라고2 so-called / mere… — dismissing it as trifling 을랑 that one in particular — singled out, often before advice 이라면 if it really is… — stressing the noun as the hinge
2. 2 연결어미 conjunctive ending
   -거들랑1 if / when that is so — if the fact holds or comes true (connective) -노라면 if you keep doing… — as you go along doing that -건대 as I see / hear / think… — prefacing that what follows is from your observation -건만 and yet — the expected sequel fails to follow -기로서니 even if / no matter how — conceding the premise then rejecting the conclusion -느니만큼 inasmuch as — to the degree that, so… -되 but / with the caveat — granting then restricting -디1 really does… — emphasising by repeating the stem -이라야 only if it is… — specifying that noun as the required one -으련마는 would…, but — hoped result blocked because the condition is unmet -자니3 meaning to… — intention that then hits a snag -는다고1 intending to… / claiming one will… — intention as a linker -자면1 if you mean to… — taking that intention as the starting point -은들 even if it is… — conceding the point and still refusing -을망정 even if / granted — conceding one line and setting the other against it -을라치면 whenever it comes to… — taking that case as the condition
3. 3 종결어미 final ending
   -는구려 how…! — a mild, slightly archaic exclamation -는구먼 oh, so it is… — noticing a newly realised fact -그려 you know / indeed — particle stressing the point to the listener -으리라 I shall… / it will… — resolve, or speculation about the situation -으오 …o — the old polite ending of formal speech 1 -으니4 how dare… / some…! — blaming or scolding with -으니 -거들랑2 you should know… — telling the listener something they do not know (종결) -게3 do it — the 하게체 command -게4 mind you / see here — drawing the point back into view -구려2 do it, won't you — a soft command -네1 plain statement — the 하게체 -네 that just reports -는구만 so it is… — noticing a newly realised fact (casual) -는가2 the question is… — raising the issue rather than asking casually -나2 …? — a bare question to yourself or someone close -던2 was it…? — asking about what you experienced before -던가1 was it…, from experience? — past question from what you lived -던가2 was it…, I wonder? — past question as a guess -라2 plain statement — -라 after 이다-type stems -으리오 how could it…? — rhetorical pushback, often with lament -소 …so — the old polite style of shopkeepers and elders 1
4. 4 표현 expression
   -기 일쑤이다 always ends up… — what commonly / habitually happens (-기(가) 일쑤이다) -기 짝이 없다 extremely… — so much there is no comparison 는 마당에 in a situation where… — given this awkward context -는 한이 있어도 even if it kills me… — willing to pay any cost -을 바에 given you are (doing) that — the situation of that act (often with a better alternative) -으려도 even if one tries to… — attempt that still fails or contrasts -으리라는 the idea that one will… — naming a future claim 를 막론하고 regardless of — without picking and choosing among that set -어 치우다 get it done fast — finishing off, often roughly -는다는 the… that says / that will — framing a quoted claim as a noun 이라고는 as for… (only) — singled out under emphasis, usually before scarce/negative (이라고는) -는다던가1 is that the order…? — checking what you were told to do -으래서야 how can you only now…? — challenging the late order or claim -으리라고 that one will… — quoting a future claim -자면2 how about… / let's say… — suggesting a course

By the end: Recognise advanced classroom and exam patterns that the standard curriculum list does not name.

1. 1 격차 보충 · Curriculum gap 교재·표준 교육과정 밖의 문법 Grammar outside of textbooks and standard curriculum
   -는 셈이다 amounts to / counts as — treating the situation as that result (-는 셈이다) -을 지경이다 to the point of… — an extreme state or plight (-을 지경이다) -기 십상이다 almost certain to… — nine times out of ten (-기 십상이다) -는 둥 마는 둥 half-doing it — barely, half-heartedly (-는 둥 마는 둥) -던 차에 just when… — at the very moment that was underway (-던 차에) 으로 말미암아 owing to… — formal written cause (으로 말미암아) -는답시고 under the pretext of… — claiming to, often critically (-는답시고) -는가 하면 and then again… — stacking contrasting cases (-는가 하면) -을 겸 while also… — doing it for that purpose too (-을 겸) -게끔 so that… — purpose with a firm push (-게끔) -을 턱이 없다 no reason whatsoever… — denying grounds flatly (-을 턱이 없다) -을 리 만무하다 utterly no chance… — impossibility stressed (-을 리 만무하다) -을 성싶다 seems likely to… — a soft forecast (-을 성싶다) -을지언정 even if… — conceding then holding the other line (-을지언정) -기 그지없다 endlessly… — extreme degree with no bound (-기 그지없다) -기 이를 데 없다 beyond words… — so much there is no way to say it (-기 이를 데 없다) -다 못해 unable to go on… — past the limit, then the sequel (-다 못해) -는 셈치고 pretending / counting it as… — provisional assumption (-는 셈치고) -는다 뿐이지 only that… — limiting the claim to just that (-는다 뿐이지) -는다손 치더라도 even granting that… — strong concession then pushback (-는다손 치더라도) -어 주십사 please do… for me — earnest old-style request (-어 주십사) -겠거니 thinking it would… — assumption that guides the next act (-겠거니) -으랴 -으랴 what with A and B… — piling pressures or tasks (-으랴 -으랴) -으려던 참이다 was just about to… — intention interrupted at the brink (-으려던 참이다) -는다기보다는 rather than saying… — reframing the label (-는다기보다는) -은 끝에 after all that… — only at the end of the ordeal (-은 끝에) -은 바 있다 have (once)… — formal experience on record (-은 바 있다) 1 -건 간에 whether A or B… — it does not matter which (-건 간에)